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Research Article
A Computational Model for Water Quality Analysis and Assessment in Tanzania
Cuthbert Barakael Mrema*,
Expeditho Laurent Mtisi
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 4, December 2024
Pages:
74-86
Received:
13 September 2024
Accepted:
4 October 2024
Published:
29 October 2024
Abstract: Research on water quality has received much attention in both developing and developed countries. This is because of the fact that, the effects of poor quality of water are detrimental to human beings, animals and the environment. This study is about a computational model for water quality analysis and assessment in Tanzania. Water quality can be understood as the measure of suitability of water based on physical, chemical and biological attributes. Water quality analysis and assessment face several challenges due to population growth, urban land use, agricultural activities, and industrialization. Besides, attempts have been made by the scholars to address the challenges. However, the tools used like titrimetric, electrometric, pH-meter, thermometer and turbidity meter are yet to come up with effective solutions. Because of these, the researcher was compelled to adopt computational model which uses Statistical Analysis System (SAS) software in order to come up with effective solutions concerning water quality analysis and assessment. In this study therefore, the secondary data were collected from Lake Victoria littoral stations under the auspices of the Ministry of Water in Tanzania with the objective to get sufficient information concerning water quality analysis and assessment. Additionally, the collected data were coded in SAS software to analyse independent and dependent variables. SAS software therefore, was employed to obtain central tendency and dispersion as benchmarks in determining quality of water. Also, the Multivariate Linear Regression Model was run to obtain coefficients of estimation, 95% confident limits and p-value. Statistical findings from central tendency and dispersion indicate that, the mean for potential of Hydrogen (pH) was 8.165; for total suspended solids was 3.065 mg/l; chloride displayed a mean of 6.494 mg/l; calcium displayed a mean of 6.421 mg/l; iron had a mean of 0.188 mg/l; magnesium displayed a mean of 3.331 mg/l and sulphate had mean of 2.326 mg/l. Looking closely at all of the above-mentioned water quality parameters, they all align with a Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS) and World Health Organization (WHO) as shown on table 1. Findings from the Multivariate linear regression model shows that: First, iron had a p-value of 0.0153, magnesium 0.0347 and total hardness had a p-value of 0.001. All of these were statistically significant in the analysis and assessment of water quality as shown on table 2. The study concludes that, the water quality in Lake Victoria complies with both TBS and WHO standards as explained above.
Abstract: Research on water quality has received much attention in both developing and developed countries. This is because of the fact that, the effects of poor quality of water are detrimental to human beings, animals and the environment. This study is about a computational model for water quality analysis and assessment in Tanzania. Water quality can be u...
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Research Article
Water Footprint Reduction in Oil and Gas Refineries through Water Reuse: A Systematic Review
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 4, December 2024
Pages:
87-107
Received:
22 September 2024
Accepted:
23 October 2024
Published:
12 November 2024
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajwse.20241004.12
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Views:
Abstract: Oil and gas refineries are highly water-intensive industrial settings, with effluent containing a significant level of pollution stemming from diverse organic and inorganic compounds. Besides adhering to discharge standards for industrial effluent, incorporating treated oil refinery effluent (ORE) into the production cycle can play a pivotal role in curbing water consumption. In recent years, there has been research into different approaches to reclaiming ORE. Yet, selecting treatment methods that are technically, economically, and environmentally effective is crucial to preventing resource waste. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the last two decades of literature on methods and technologies used for ORE treatment. Based on the inclusion criteria, the final screening included 82 studies, with acceptable agreement assessed using Cohen's inter-examiner kappa equal to 0.86. The included studies were of biological treatment (n = 27), physicochemical processes (n = 12), advanced purification processes (n = 16), membrane-based technologies (n = 15), and green technologies (n = 13). This comprehensive review showed that the advanced membrane-based techniques are effective in the removal of pollutants from ORE for several reasons, such as reducing the consumption of chemicals, high efficiency, and ease of setup and maintenance. However, combined methods with a focus on membrane-based processes (e.g. UF-RO) are the most promising options for the reclamation of ORE. Since some effluent treatment methods require the use of chemicals and energy to run, future research should focus on environmentally friendly methods and the use of renewable energy.
Abstract: Oil and gas refineries are highly water-intensive industrial settings, with effluent containing a significant level of pollution stemming from diverse organic and inorganic compounds. Besides adhering to discharge standards for industrial effluent, incorporating treated oil refinery effluent (ORE) into the production cycle can play a pivotal role i...
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Research Article
Effect of Deficit Irrigation at Different Growth Stages on the Yield and Water Productivity of Tomato at Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 4, December 2024
Pages:
108-117
Received:
27 September 2024
Accepted:
30 October 2024
Published:
26 November 2024
Abstract: Improving irrigation water management and increasing water productivity are critical to address future water scarcity in arid and semi-arid areas. A promising strategy is to maximize water productivity by exposing crops to a certain level of water stress. The experiment was conducted on-site at the Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center to study the effect of deficit irrigation at different growth stages on agronomic parameters as well as yield and yield components as well as water productivity of tomato plants. Treatments consisted of a factorial combination of full and three-deficit irrigation with four plant growth stages. The results showed that the interaction effect between deficit irrigation and different plant growth stages significantly affected plant height, fruit height, fruit diameter, fruit yield and water productivity. The highest plant height (75.23 cm), fruit length (84.56 mm), fruit diameter (77.10 mm), marketable fruit yield (48.64 t/ha) and total fruit yield (50.09 t/ha) were obtained under continuous full irrigation achieves levels. While the lowest plant height (54.43 cm), fruit length (55.92 mm), fruit diameter (50.04 mm), marketable yield (22.51 tons/ha) and total yield (28.14 tons/ha) at 60% Etc achieved in the middle were stage treatment. The highest water productivity of 7.85 kg/ha was achieved with the application of 80% ETc in the late season, while the lowest (4.61 kg/ha) was achieved with 60% ETc in the middle treatment phase. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that applying 80% ETc deficit irrigation in the late season stage is the best solution for water conservation without affecting tomato yield while improving water productivity under water-stressed conditions.
Abstract: Improving irrigation water management and increasing water productivity are critical to address future water scarcity in arid and semi-arid areas. A promising strategy is to maximize water productivity by exposing crops to a certain level of water stress. The experiment was conducted on-site at the Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center to study t...
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Case Report
An Integrated Model for Pollution Prevention, Ecological Integration and Sustainability of Surface Water: Case of Awetu River, Jimma City, South-Western Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 4, December 2024
Pages:
118-126
Received:
13 October 2024
Accepted:
4 November 2024
Published:
26 November 2024
Abstract: There are complex relationships among water quality, ecological integration and sustainability of surface water resource. Several factors are interacting in these three things, making them complex for understanding and managing, while the integration of these three is very important for sustainable development, environmental sustainability and public health. To increase the understanding of this complex relationship, appropriate tool is needed. Modeling is considered as an appropriate tool to simplify the understanding of this concept. The objective of this study is developing an integrated conceptual model for pollution prevention, ecological integration and sustainability of Awetu River basin. To develop this model, a preliminary study was conducted in the study area, which includes water quality status, its ecological condition, settlement in the river area, identifying pollution sources, and an on-going project in the river basin. Based on this information, and general environmental scientific knowledge, a conceptual model was developed. This conceptual modeling was passed through the four broad steps; each step involved several key activities that support developing an integrated model. Three correlated sub-models were developed first; finally, one integrated conceptual model was developed. Developing and application of an integrated model for Awetu river basin is very important to improve the current situation of the river. Achieving this needs an integrated work of all stakeholders and concerned bodies. Stakeholders recommended applying this model, whereas researchers recommended evaluation and modifying the model more. The model is also applicable for most rivers and surface water, particularly for waters with similar situations.
Abstract: There are complex relationships among water quality, ecological integration and sustainability of surface water resource. Several factors are interacting in these three things, making them complex for understanding and managing, while the integration of these three is very important for sustainable development, environmental sustainability and publ...
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Research Article
GIS and AHP-Based Assessment of Land Suitability and Water Availability for Surface Irrigation in Beles Sub-Basin, Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 4, December 2024
Pages:
127-148
Received:
16 September 2024
Accepted:
8 October 2024
Published:
10 December 2024
Abstract: Assessing available water resources and identifying suitable land for irrigation at the basin level are crucial for effective planning and decision-making in irrigation development projects. Therefore, this study aims to utilize the Geographic Information System (GIS) and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique to evaluate surface irrigation suitability and surface water availability in the Beles Basin. We analyzed surface water availability by constructing a flow duration curve (FDC) and assessing the 90% available flow of the Beles River. Meanwhile, land surface suitability was determined through a GIS-based multi-criteria evaluation (MCE). This method integrates various factors, including slope, proximity to rivers, soil characteristics (type, texture, depth, drainage), proximity to roads, and land use and land cover. These factors were weighted using pair-wise comparison matrices to determine their relative importance in assessing physical land suitability. The results revealed that approximately 13.84%, 73.05%, and 13.11% of the catchment area were highly, moderately, and marginally suitable for irrigation, respectively. Regarding water availability, the FDC analysis indicated that the Beles River maintains a 90% available flow of 1.6 m3/s throughout the year. Consequently, in December, the river can only irrigate 0.25% of the total irrigable land, whereas from May to September, it can irrigate the entire irrigable area. The river's low flow presents opportunities for extensive irrigation during the wet season but limits irrigation during the dry season. Therefore, the implementation of water storage structures is imperative to facilitate irrigation across the entire potential land during periods of low flow.
Abstract: Assessing available water resources and identifying suitable land for irrigation at the basin level are crucial for effective planning and decision-making in irrigation development projects. Therefore, this study aims to utilize the Geographic Information System (GIS) and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique to evaluate surface irrigation...
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,
Stephanie Young
